Caturra was discovered in Brazil between 1915 and 1918: a natural mutation of Bourbon that grows short and compact.
Why that mattered
Coffee trees are normally tall enough that harvesting is slow and requires ladders on mature plants. A dwarf tree can be picked from the ground, and it can be planted far more densely.
Those two facts transformed the economics of coffee farming across Latin America, and Caturra spread rapidly through Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua.
The cup
Bright and clean, with good acidity and a medium body. Generally described as slightly less sweet and complex than Bourbon, its parent — a modest quality trade for a large productivity gain.
At high altitude, well grown and carefully processed, Caturra cups very well and has won competitions.
The rust problem
Caturra is highly susceptible to coffee leaf rust, and the epidemics that swept Central America and Colombia in the 2010s devastated plantings.
That is why Castillo in Colombia and other resistant hybrids have replaced much of it. Whether those hybrids cup as well was long disputed; blind studies have generally not supported the claim that they are noticeably worse.
Descendants
Catuai is Caturra crossed with Mundo Novo, and it is one of the most planted varieties in Brazil and Central America.
Brewing it
Versatile and forgiving. Filter shows its clarity, espresso works at medium roast, and it is a good variety to learn on.
Questions people actually ask
Why did Caturra spread so fast?
It is short, which makes picking far faster and lets farms plant more densely, and it yields well. Those two things transformed the economics of Latin American coffee farming.
Does Caturra taste worse than Bourbon?
Generally it is described as slightly less sweet and complex than its parent, with good brightness and cleanliness. The gap is small and growing conditions matter more than the variety.